Democratic Theory Debate Term Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words

Democratic Theory Debate - Term Paper Example Following being ‘remembered with the intention of polis, politics plus polity; civitas, citizenship in addition to civility; with demos furthermore democracy have ‘ordinary origins, we are supplied with descriptions of righteous Greek citizens augmenting in the agora otherwise the pnyx, severe Roman citizens conscious in the republican council, in addition to ‘European’ citizens getting their contracts in facade of the guildhall. Rousseau: It is not that numerous factual suppose that ‘we’ are fall down from the Greeks or else the Romans, or yet the medieval Europeans in some simple means Nor would a lot of consider that as these chronological period the sense and applications of cities, democracy and citizenship have stayed unaffected. Somewhat, this imagery assemble and incite a made-up ritual: that we are someway inheritors of an occidental custom that is diverse from and better to an oriental one. These pictures after that create not one but t wo civilizations. Bentham: The picture of the righteous citizen is ineluctably connected with the occidental tradition whether it is asked throughout canonical believers for example Locke, St Augustine Cicero, Aristotle, and Marsilius or throughout recounting heroic wars where citizenship merits was exposed. Tom Aquinas: This controversy though, tries neither to account these pictures nor subscribe how they have been built nor recommend methods in which diverse pictures could and should be shaped. These jobs have either been handled somewhere else or are at rest coming up to be handled. Rousseau: Throughout the second semi of the twentieth century we observed a variety of applications that were initially thought as exterior the political, and which collected themselves as comparatively reutilized, tough and effectual policies and knowledge, creating, passing, and introducing political commands and interpreting these commands into assertions for citizenship privileges. Bentham: This deviation and the resulting incongruence amid historical pictures and modern applications were extensively observed and argumentated. Though, two derisory reactions conquered these arguments. First, there are those accounts which understand the deviation and incongruence as refuse or finish and advise rekindling, reinvention and revival. Tom Aquinas: The recent democratic outset of the city that came out in the untimely nineteenth century spoken a fastidious formation of city government, which happens to equivalent simultaneously with democracy and the state. In sagacity, city government was state administration summons little. Rousseau: By affectation the difficulty of overriding cities as city government, that is, while an issue of governability of the state during the city as a bud vase, present communal and political notion frequently recognized democracy plus competence as rival meanings of city government. Bentham: These pictures do not raise the constancy, asset, civism and o bedience of the severe citizen but the subaltern, the additional, various and the uprising. Presently as researchers of current cities for example Holston

Greek Current Event Reflections Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Greek Current Event Reflections - Essay Example The organizations termed as Greek because their nomenclatures consisted of Greek letters that were serving as reminder of the value of the group. Fraternities have been a significant part of the co-curricular experiences as well as the norm in Northern Arizona University. The sororities have supported university mission through promoting community services, leadership skills and to a large-scale involvement in the broad university community. Self-governance and self-control have been the backbone to good citizenship among sororities. Therefore, the elected leaders in the organizations are usually responsible for all the action and decision of their respective chapters. It means that, these leaders are responsible for setting proper moral standards for other cohorts as well as educating members existing policies that hold them together. In essence, the pursuit of academic excellence is an imperative aspect of the sorority and fraternity experience. For example, fraternities in Northern Arizona University must meet the minimum requirement stated by the university so as to graduate (NAU, P. 1-16). Since fraternities are involved in the dynamic association in life including academics and social life, Greek organizations are occasionally faced with challenges in their daily life. Social events have been noted to affect several sororities because their members attend clubs and other social functions that may influence an individual’s character. Drug abuse especially alcohol affects the health of fraternity members and most of the members usually consume it out of peer pressure. Initiation process of the new recruits and neophytes may turn out to be abusive, for example, sexual assaults, criminal behaviours and secret cults that the novice is not aware. These have led to the Greek societies getting a lot of condemnation from the public.  Moreover,  some of the parents do advise their children not to join the fraternity and

Business Ethics Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words - 6

Business Ethics - Essay Example The most straightforward definition of an ethical dilemma is a clash between two goods. If we accept the notion that ethical teaching directs one’s actions towards doing that which benefits the good of the majority, rather than that of the minority, then we will begin to comprehend the concept of ethical dilemma as referring to instances wherein two alternate, and even conflicting, decisions may lead to equally good consequences. Diversity comprises an ethical dilemma because support for its realisation implies support for and the empowerment of marginalised groups. Objection to it, as in arguments disputing its ethical base, are equally ethical because of their predication on the concept of merit, or the hiring of employees based on theory qualifications, irrespective of ethnicity, race, religion, gender or age. As either of the two positions is, arguably, ethical, a final determination of which of the two is more ethical rests upon the analytical assessment of both perspecti ves from within the framework of ethics theory. A review of the literature on workplace diversity reveals that numerous scholars dispute the argument regarding a direct relationship between ethics and the attainment of employee diversity.

Federal Role in Healthcare Delivery Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Federal Role in Healthcare Delivery - Essay Example The role of federal government in healthcare is to facilitate Medicare- a plan by the U.S government to provide health insurance to people that are 65 years and above, those below 65 with certain disabilities and those with final-stage renal disease. On the other hand, there is Medicaid- a co-operation tasked with providing cash benefits to welfare beneficiaries, mainly low-income mothers and children and disabled persons and the elderly. This is a responsibility undertaken by both the federal and state government. Nonetheless, there has been a long-time argument as to whether the federal government should be responsible for healthcare entirely (Bovbjerg, Wiener and houseman, 2005). Those favoring the federal government taking over the healthcare system argue that healthcare is essentially a right and not privilege as illustrated by the state government system. That the federal government considers healthcare as a service entitled to all Americans because they are citizens as opposed to the fact that they reside in a particular state. Ideally, it would promote the general welfare of all Americans thus the Universal Healthcare plan. Those favoring the state government taking over argue that it would be better suited to comprehend its citizen’s problems and recommend viable solutions (Bovbjerg, Wiener and houseman, 2005). In 1945, President Harry Truman, only seven months into his presidency, proposed to improve the state of the healthcare system by tackling five issues. The foremost issue was the inadequate number of healthcare professional i.e. doctors, nurses and other specialists in the low-income parts of U.S. He noted that the low earning capacity of healthcare professionals in these parts made it difficult for them to practice there. Coupled with this was the fact that the hospitals and clinics present in these areas did not meet the proper standards of quality. Therefore, he sought to access federal funding to

Civil service and economic freedom Essay Example for Free

Civil service and economic freedom Essay Around a decade ago, Hong Kong became the hottest topic not because of some festival but rather due to a political event. On July 1, 1997, the sovereignty of Hong Kong was officially transferred to the Peoples Republic of China from the United Kingdom. The Handover, as it is most often called, signaled the official end of British rule on the colony. At present, Hong Kong is one of the top financial centers of the world. It cannot be denied however that the handover was a significant event in its history. It is therefore important to keep in mind that in studying the history of Hong Kong and learning about the place, one has to give emphasis on this event. One resource to read is a paper written by Ming K. Chan titled, â€Å"The Legacy of the British Administration of Hong Kong: A View from Hong Kong,† published in The China Quarterly in 1997. In the paper, Chan gives his insights on four major contributions by the British to Hong Kong as cited by Christopher Patten, the last British Governor of the colony. The four major contributions are rule of law, democratization, civil service and economic freedom. Chan uses these four points raised as his starting points in discussing the legacies of the British. Chan however does not stop merely at describing what these legacies are but goes on to show its weaknesses and flaws. Under the rule of law for example, he states that the legal system implemented by the British in Hong Kong was, like most legal system, aimed at providing fair and equal justice to every citizen. These same laws though turned out to be not only draconian in nature but also discriminatory. Specifically laws that were said to be anti-Chinese thus failing to achieve the aim that it was designed to give. One example of its failure is that during the British rule, English and not Chinese was the preferred language used by courts. As a result, even if the courts practiced a jury system, only those who were able to attain a higher education were able to serve. In effect, this implies that the jury system failed because it did not represent the society in general. The paper also contests the idea that Hong Kong had economic freedom. The paper admits that while Hong Kong did achieve a world class status, the British still intervened in matters that carried significant importance. The principle of laissez-faire, while a good economic concept, was instead misused to the point that it covered up unfair practices by the government. An example is the rule requiring the use of motor vehicles manufactured by the British public buses. While civil service has always been considered as the foundation of British rule, the reality in Hong Kong is that the state of the civil service system is not as efficient as it seems. The paper considers this as somewhat ironic since the localization of the civil service only when the 1984 Sino-British Joint Declaration was signed. The paper further cites that with the hierarchy being led by people who have little or no understanding of China or even the Chinese community in Hong Kong, their effectiveness as administrators is rather lessened. The biggest failure though is under the British civil service system, those in power failed to participate in the issue of the reintegration.

Tax Office Operation Transformation Essay Example for Free

Tax Office Operation Transformation Essay Governments of developing countries are constantly scrambling to raise the revenues required to finance higher service demands expected by their citizens and the infrastructure (economic, social and environmental) that will enable them to grow the nation towards being industrialized. And to sustain the all imperative comparative advantage over neighbouring nations. Taxation revenues continue to be the main source of revenue for Government spending. This in turn requires well-designed tax policies (new taxes and tax reform) that are translated into clear legislation and are administratively feasible. Perhaps the greatest challenge facing these countries is to improve the effectiveness of their tax administrations.[1] Common Challenges Tax Administrations in developing country contend with the same range of challenges with developed nations, although the significance of typical collection issues may be greater. As a result these countries suffer significant losses in revenue collection. Introducing tax initiatives such as self-assessment and GST does alleviate the revenue leakages to certain extent, however the agencies capacity and capability to administer an effective and efficient taxation system is the ultimate determinant to maximizing collections. It has longed been realized that the existence of widespread tax evasion as part of the hidden economy is a critical concern to developing countries, as it is with developed nations. Hidden income can be defined to include legitimate earnings which are hidden actively or passively to evade tax, as well as illegal earnings derived from non-lawful operations and services. Without trivializing the complexity in dealing with the later type of evasion, the taxpayer’s perception of the administration influences their obligation behaviour. It’s more so evident in developing countries where the administration may not be seen by taxpayers as service organization nor as an active enforcer. For example, common trends include: Â  Inability for taxpayers to get information from or transact with the agency, either low responsiveness, inconsistent advice, multiple hand-offs, huge queues at the service counters etc. Assessments and refunds taking months to process, often taking over six months to make a refund No urgency for Taxpayers to get registered, especially with small to medium enterprise and self-employed Lodgments and payments not pursued actively by the agency, often resulting in over 30% of non-filers Accumulating Debt not pursued in a timely manner by the Agency. Over the years can amount to considerable loss in non-recoverable debt (ie. timing issue). Low level of compliance actively, in terms of education and enforcement. Taxpayer being audited is seen as just bad luck. The Problem The common complaint of the developing country’s tax administration is the lack of resources. In terms of priority, these agencies are more focused on transaction processing activities which are largely manually driven. They are constantly bogged down dealing with never ending processing back-logs, including low turn-around in assessments, refunds, audit cases, appeals, rulings and so on. A large portion of the administration’s staff would be devoted to these low-value activities, which actually does not grow the revenue. The executive management of these administrations is well connected to the best-practices being adopted elsewhere, and understands the positive application to their own environment. They are challenged by the expected rate of change imposed on their agency, constantly battling the needs of Government to collect more and implement new policies quickly, at a lower operational cost. Taxpayers who demand the same levels of services they come to expect from the commercial sector Employees who are frustrated no having the revenue-agency tools to deliver superior services or for effective compliance enforcement. In this hast to modernize the tax agency often turns to automation and Information Technology as the savior and try to implement large amounts of innovation in a short period. As examples, interactive internet service, imaging for data capture, data warehouse, mobile audit workbench, IVR/CTI. All of these are essential IT enablers for the business; however, they often fall short of delivering the benefits in improving service and compliance enforcement in developing countries. The solution Lesson learnt elsewhere tell us that certain characteristics of an agency are central to support business innovation (new ways of doing business) using IT. Without these characteristics, the agency would cripple its efforts to modernize. These characteristics are: Having the building blocks for tax processing, Registration, Lodgment, Payment and Policing. High level of data quality Effective Change Management ability Building Blocks for Tax Processing The main functions of a tax administration, in dealing with taxpayers, aside from actual tax collection or sanctioning non-compliance, largely involve gathering and processing information. The four interrelated blocks are: Registration: Identify potential taxpayers and register taxpayers. Each taxpayer would be identified via a tax identification number and contact details are maintained. This information is core all business activities and imperative to maintain accurate and completed details. Lodgement: Capture, quickly process and record information to assist taxpayers in meeting their tax obligation. Non-lodgment needs to be managed [1] Developing The International Dialogue on Taxation, A Joint Proposal by the Staffs of the IMF, OECD and World Bank, 13 March 2002.

Child And Young Person Development

Child And Young Person Development Physical development is usually very rapid early on in the childs development. Within weeks of being born a baby will start to smile and respond to sounds and environments around them. By 6 months as their muscles begin to develop they will reach for and hold objects which they will also put into their mouths. By one year old they are beginning to crawl or shuffle, pulling or pushing on furniture to stand and then explore using furniture or adults for support. Sitting has progressed to unaided and they are rolling from their front to their back. They are beginning to be curious with objects, passing them between hands, handling them in different ways and looking for things that are hiding. Their hand to eye co-ordination improves as items are passed from hand to hand. Their first teeth may start to appear and solid foods may start to be introduced. Between one and two years walking will begin and toys will start to be pulled/pushed along whilst walking. Objects will be picked up and banged together or built to make a small tower. A preference for one hand may start to appear as they begin to hold crayons etc when mark making on paper. They enjoy trying to feed themselves both with finger foods and with a spoon, and will drink from a cup with both hands. Waving goodbye becomes fun, they will begin to point to what they want and shake their head to mean no. Between the ages of 2 and 3 mark making on paper will progress to scribbles as they begin to use pencils etc. Balls start to be kicked and thrown. Bricks will be built into larger towers than before, and they will start to experiment with liquids in play by pouring. At 3 years children begin to gain more independence. Their mobility and climbing skills will be advancing as they run, jump, catch, walk up and down stairs etc. Dexterity increases with small objects like puzzles, threading beads etc. Dressing and undressing will be assisted but more cooperative. At 4 years boys gross motor skills tend to be more developed when it comes to throwing and aiming, building, climbing, pedalling etc, whereas girls fine motor skills tend to be more developed with the use of scissors, holding a pencil to draw and colour threading small beads sewing stitches etc. At 5 years children will have more pencil control and will begin to copy letters and shapes, and draw people. Ball games will develop more structure as they begin to kick with aim. They will begin to learn to hop on one foot, then the other and also to skip. At 6 years dressing becomes independent at they learn to do buttons, laces etc. Writing becomes more fluent as copying letter shapes has progressed to words and sentences with greater pencil control. Confidence has increased when playing outside in climbing, jumping from heights and riding a bike. At 7 years children begin to enjoy playing team games as they are now hitting a ball, running, jumping, skipping, swinging. However until around the age of 9 they may misjudge their ability. The age between 12 and 19, between childhood and adulthood is referred to as adolescence. Physical development during this period is very different in each child. As some may be just beginning to mature physically, others may have already reached full physical maturity. Sequence is the order that development happens in. Rate is the speed that it happens for example: sequence = a babys physical development may begin with rolling over then sit up, crawl, walk, run. Another may sit up, walk, run missing out rolling over crawling. Even though elements are missed the development still proceeds in whats viewed as an expected pattern. rate = where one baby may achieve walking unaided at 10 months another may accomplish it at 12 months another at 16 months. This is important because sequence is needed in order to plan effectively for children, looking at rate of development is also essential to help us to know weather a childs rate of development is at the correct stage for their age group. Task 2 There is a range of external and personal factors that influence the development in children and young peoples lifes: Personal factors such as, health and disability. Health is determined by our genes , diet, environment and stress. Some children may be born with a condition that will automatically effect their lifes, such as a blood disorder. Disability can also effect a childs development, for example if a child has a hearing impairment they may not be able to learn properly in school unless they have help from an adult. External factors can also influence a childs development such as, poverty and diet. Poverty affects children and their families in many different ways. Families living in poverty may not be able to afford good food which leads to poor diet. Having a poor diet can affect a childs growth, behaviour and development. Current practice is influenced by theories of development, such as: à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¢ Cognitive (e.g. Piaget) à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¢ Psychoanalytic (e.g Freud) à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¢ Humanist (e.g. Maslow) à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¢ Social Learning (e.g.Bandura) à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¢ Operant conditioning (e.g. Skinner) à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¢ Behaviourist (e.g. Watson) Cognitive Vygotsky like piaget posited children learn from hand on experiences. However unlike piaget he claimed that timely and sensitive invention by adults when children are learning a new task (zone of proximal development) could help children to learn new tasks. Vygotsky also stressed the importance of social interaction he felt other children can guide each others development as well as adults. Vygotsky also thought that children needed to be active in their own learning and that play is important for holistic learning. Humanist Abraham Maslow hierarchy of needs need to be met for a child to reach full potential take anything away from that and child might never reach their potential. This is taken into account daily with the child centred care and holistic approach to child care and well being. Practitioners need to look at the environmental factors such as warmth, food clothes as well as the psychological needs like promoting self esteem, and love. Behaviourist Bandura Showed that children learnt through copying and observing, this can be applied today as if an early years worker with demonstrates an activity the child can learn to do it through copying. Or if a child has a good role model then they are likely to copy the behaviour. But if they see bad behaviour then they will copy the bad behaviour. Behaviourist Skinner Skinners operant conditioning negative and positive reinforcement, this theory can be applied though stickers praise and reward for good behaviour and through disapproval, time out and ignoring unwanted behaviour. Psychoanalytical Freud Freuds work may not be proven but Freuds work with unconscious actions and peoples mind skills are still used like when a child tells a lie they smile or put their hand over their mouths as if to stop the lie. John Bowlby Worked on attachment theories which are used in the day to day practice in education and social care at all stages they are given key workers who they build strong attachments to this helps children make transitions in their lives and to be able to make lasting friendships. Frameworks support development including à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¢ Social pedagogy Social pedagogy Is a practice concerned with human beings learning, well being and inclusion to society treating children in a child centred way and a holistic way making sure that every childs needs are met especially those who are in need. Task 3 There are many ways to monitor children and young peoples development, for example: Observation: Observations can be taken during lessons or in the playground. They record what the child is doing in a subjective way. Its most appropriate to use this method when childs development is causing concern. Assessment framework: It is the way in which child is assessed to decide whether they have any particular needs and what these needs may be. It is useful in deciding whether the child is reaching expected milestones of development in different areas. The assessment framework is how children are assessed in school, for example when a child reads; we write it in their reading records. Information from colleagues and carers: Parents/carers who know the child and colleagues expertise are invaluable, especially when planning for social and academic success for pupils with special educational needs and/or disabilities. If we are concerned about childs development its good to ask/share information. Disability can affect several areas of development at the same time but early support might help minimise the effects of the disability. Emotional reasons, if a child is not settled and having good attachments they are more likely to have low confidence and self esteem they might not try new tasks and have a lack of motivation. Physical development might be effected by genetics this can mean physical growth difficulties or may be the child might be a slower learner. Environmental, there are many reasons that can effect child development like poverty, where a child lives, education and their family structure can effect a childs development. Culturally how people bring up their children can differ vastly like in china a girl is deemed second class to a boy. Other cultures have restrictions on childrens freedoms this can adversely affect the childs development. Social reasons are that for children born into poverty and families whose parents are separated are likely to have negative effects of childrens development or if a family might give less time to activities which aid childrens developments like a lack of play this can also effect child development. Learning difficulties children might have these due to genetic diseases, birth difficulties, and cognitive difficulties or might just have difficulties with writing or reading. Communication may be affected by medical reasons such as hearing impairment or being tongue tied. These can cause communication problems, children who have communication needs find it hard to express themselves and can show aggressive behaviour when frustrated. Children who experience communication needs might have problems with reading and writing. Speech and language can help children overcome most of their problems. By helping children gain the ability to use language they can help children gain confidence and self esteem I have seen this in my setting with children who have had communication and language needs. These children have gained confidence and their language is now at a level that they can interact with other children and not show frustration. This is because they can now express themselves. The Senco in an educational setting give support to children and families with special needs this person/s is also responsible for identification of special needs. Additional learning support staff works within and outside schools providing a range of services to help children who have certain specific educational needs. This might include people like teaching assistants or advisors to provide support and train staff. Youth justice this is based on children with behavioural problems these people will work with them and social workers to help them. Social workers are there to help vulnerable children and young people and their families this might include children on the child protection register or disabled children. Psychologist is a professional who helps support children who have learning or behavioural difficulties. They provide teachers and practitioners with aimed support programmes for that child once they have identified the childs needs. A specialist nurse provides support for the family and child especially if that child suffers from medical conditions that need specialist care Also health visitors come under this title for measuring and assessing a childs development . A psychiatrist is a doctor who is trained in mental health problems this person works alongside other professionals to help diagnose or support children and young people with mental health problems. Physiotherapist this professional help children with their movement especially those who have little or no movement they are trained to get the maximum movement and skill level. Referrals can take the shape of common assessment form which are filled in then in my setting passed upstairs to the health visitor, speech therapist or other health professionals that are required after being checked by the senco in the room. Speech and language also have their own referral forms which will be filled in and checked by the senco before being passed to the speech and language therapists. Early years action plans and plus plans are filled out and passed to the senco who will then speak to an education psychologist. With primary and secondary schools they also have school action plans which will be run through their senco and the school run individual learning plans. Task 4 All young Childrens brains are still developing as they grow. Early identification can change the impact of any difficulty if support is provided early enough. Finding ways for children to communicate is vital for their emotional well-being as some children who have language and communication difficulties can become isolated or may develop antisocial behaviours. once parents and carers have identified that a child needs additional support, a multi-agency approach may be used. If the parent/carer goes to see their health visitor or gp they will then help to make an appropriate referral, this may just be to help rule out hearing or visual impairments. In some cases the gp might refer the child directly to a speech and language service. Some children may need to be assessed by an educational psychologist. Once it is established what kind of support a child needs the right approach can then be carried out in order for parents and the setting to work together. Children learn their language and communication skills by being around adults and other children especially whilst they are having fun. When children are playing and doing activities that interest them they are usually used to help support their development, language and speech because theyre being motivated; for example singing a nursery rhyme with children this will encourage speech movements and will be more engaging for the child instead of just having to repeat the movements in isolation. Task 5 There are different types of transitions that can affect children and young people such as à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¢ Emotional personal experiences such as parents separating, bereavement, begining or leaveing a place of care. à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¢ Physical change in environments à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¢ Intellectual moving from one educational establishment to another. à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¢ Physiological puberty or medical conditions An example of a transition that could affect a child could be starting a before or afterschool club, this could affect a child because they may not know any other children at the setting and also may not know any of the staff, there for it could lead to the child being anxious and scared about meeting new people. A way to resolve this is to make sure the child is entering a friendly environment and be sure to introduce them to the other children and adults so that they feel more comfortable in the setting and also maybe ask another child to show them around and be their buddy to help them settle in. Also the child may be given a key person to help form a positive relationship with. The idea behind a key person is so that a child has that one person who they should feel they can go to and feel secure within their company. The key person should have a warm relationship with the child and be able to reassure them should they need to, also the key person will monitor the childs reactions in their new situation as this can provide a warning in some cases where this transition is not temporary.